Inherently safer design can be achieved by which of the following approaches?

Inherently safer design focuses on reducing hazards by designing processes to eliminate or minimize risks rather than relying solely on protective measures or controls. Substitution as a strategy refers to replacing hazardous materials or processes with safer alternatives. This approach is effective in inherently safer design because it addresses the root cause of the hazard by choosing substances or methods that pose lower risks from the outset, therefore preventing the potential for accidents or exposure.

By opting for safer substitutes, the design inherently reduces the potential for harmful incidents, aligning with the philosophy of inherently safer design, which emphasizes the elimination of danger at the design stage rather than managing it afterward. This proactive approach leads to a more robust safety profile in chemical processes, making it a critical component of chemical engineering and safety practices.