What role do biomarkers play in the assessment of toxic exposures?

Biomarkers are critical tools in the assessment of toxic exposures because they provide evidence of biological responses to those exposures. When individuals are exposed to toxic substances, biomarkers can indicate changes at the cellular or molecular level that arise from that exposure. These biological markers can include alterations in gene expression, enzyme activity, or the presence of specific metabolites in biological samples. By assessing these changes, researchers and healthcare professionals can better understand the impacts of toxins on human health and the environment and identify whether exposure has occurred and what biological effects it may have caused.

This information is vital for risk assessments, health monitoring, and the development of mitigation strategies. For instance, if a biomarker indicates a significant toxic response, it may prompt further investigation or intervention to reduce exposure or protect public health. In contrast, identifying safe levels for chemical exposure, measuring the effectiveness of training programs, or completely replacing laboratory testing are not functions that biomarkers serve as primary roles.